[Continuity of care between levels perceived by users of the health system in Catalonia, Spain]. / La continuidad asistencial entre niveles percibida por usuarios del sistema de salud en cataluña.

BACKGROUND: Rapid technological advances, organizational changes in health services and the rise of complex chronic diseases mean that users receive care from a wide variety of providers, threatening continuity of care (CC). The aim is to analyse users' perception of CC, as well as their experienced elements of (dis)continuity in the Catalonian health services. METHODS: Cross-sectional study by means ofa questionnaire survey to a sample of 200 healthcare users attended by more than one level of care for the same condition in the previous 3 months. The survey was conducted in Barcelona and Baix Empordà, between March and June 2009. The applied questionnaire collected first, the users' trajectories within health services and second, their perception of CC using a scale. A descriptive data analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Important elements of relational continuity were identified (86.4 and 83.5% of users were attended in the last year, respectively, by the same physician of primary and secondary care). However, potential elements of discontinuity were identified relating to transfer of clinical information (29.1% and 21.3% of users perceived that secondary care professionals were unaware of their comorbidities and the results of medical tests ordered by physicians of primary care, respectively), coherence of care (levels of referral to primary care of 51.2 %) and accessibility between levels of care (37.8 and 17.6% considered long or excessive waiting time for secondary and primary care, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The results point to aspects of care, as accessibility and information transfer between professionals that could act as barriers for continuity and would require improvements in the coordination strategies of the health providers.

Acceso a la atención en salud en Colombia / Access to health care in Colombia

Objetivo Contribuir al conocimiento sobre el acceso a los servicios en Colombia tras la reforma del sistema de salud, exponiendo los principales resultados y vacíos en las investigaciones. Métodos Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía, a través de la búsqueda exhaustiva y análisis de artículos originales publicados entre 1994 y 2009. Se incluyeron 27 investigaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas que cumplían los criterios de selección. El análisis se enmarcó en los modelos teóricos de Aday y Andersen y Gold, que diferencian entre acceso potencial y realizado y consideran las características de la población, proveedores y aseguradoras que influyen en la utilización. Resultados Los análisis explicativos de la utilización de los servicios de salud a partir de modelos de determinantes resultan escasos y parciales (limitados a áreas geográficas, patologías o colectivos específicos). Pocos estudios profundizan en factores de contexto -políticas y características de proveedores y aseguradoras- o en la perspectiva de los actores sobre los factores que influyen en el acceso. Los estudios no parecen indicar un aumento del acceso realizado -salvo en el régimen subsidiado- y, en cambio, señalan la existencia de importantes barreras relacionadas con factores poblacionales (aseguramiento, renta y educación) y características de los servicios (accesibilidad geográfica, organizativas y calidad). Conclusiones La revisión muestra limitaciones importantes en el análisis del acceso en Colombia que indican la necesidad de reorientar la evaluación hacia el acceso realizado, e incorporar variables de contexto y la perspectiva de los actores para comprender mejor el impacto de la reforma en el uso de servicios.

Objectives Contributing towards improving knowledge about access to health services in Colombia following health-sector reform, highlighting the main results and gaps in research. Methods Original papers were systematically reviewed through a comprehensive search and analysis of original papers published between 1994 and 2009. After selection criteria had been applied, 27 papers were included in the review. Analysis was based on Aday Aday & Andersen and Gold's theoretical frameworks, distinguishing between potential and actual healthcare access and considering the characteristics of the population, health services and insurers influencing service use. Results There was little explanatory analysis of service use applying determinant models; this was also partial (limited to geographical areas, diseases or specific groups). Likewise, only a few studies analysed contextual factors influencing service use (health policies and health providers and insures) or social actors' perspectives. The available studies did not seem to indicate increased actual access (except for subsidised system users) but, on the contrary the existence of barriers relating to population (insurance coverage, income and education) and health service factors (geographic and organizational accessibility and quality of care). Conclusions This review led to identifying important limitations in the analysis of healthcare access in Colombia and highlighted the need for further research on actual access and the better incorporation of context variables and actors perspectives in understanding the impact of reform on health service use.

La continuidad asistencial entre niveles percibida por usuarios del sistema de salud en Cataluña / Continuity of care between levels perceived by users of the health system in catalonia, Spain

Fundamentos: Los avances tecnológicos, cambios organizativos de los servicios y el aumento de las enfermedades crónicas complejas favorecen que los usuarios del sistema de salud sean atendidos por un elevado número de proveedores, amenazando la continuidad asistencial (CA). El objetivo es analizar la valoración de la CA de los usuarios e identificar elementos de (dis)continuidad a partir de sus experiencias en los servicios de salud de Cataluña. Métodos: Estudio transversal, mediante encuesta a 200 usuarios que utilizaron dos niveles asistenciales en los últimos tres meses por un mismo motivo. La encuesta se realizó en Barcelona y Baix Empordà entre los meses de marzo y junio de 2009. Se aplicó un cuestionario que recoge la trayectoria de los usuarios en los servicios de salud y su valoración de la CA, mediante una escala. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los resultados. Resultados: Se identifican elementos de continuidad de relación (86,4% y el 83,5% fueron atendidos, respectivamente, por un único médico de atención especializada y de atención primaria en el último año). Por el contrario, se identifican elementos de discontinuidad en la transferencia de información clínica (29,1% y el 21,3% consideró que el médico de la atención especializada desconocía sus comorbilidades y las pruebas realizadas en la atención primaria, respectivamente), en la coherencia del cuidado (niveles de contrarreferencia de 51,2%) y en la accesibilidad entre niveles (37,8% y 17.6% consideraron largo o excesivo el tiempo de espera en atención especializada y primaria, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Se identifican aspectos de la provisión, como accesibilidad y transferencia de información entre profesionales, que podrían indicar barreras a la continuidad y la necesidad de introducir mejoras en las estrategias de coordinación asistencial de las organizaciones sanitarias(AU)

Background: Rapid technological advances, organizational changes in health services and the rise of complex chronic diseases mean that users receive care from a wide variety of providers, threatening continuity of care (CC). The aim is to analyse users’ perception of CC, as well as their experienced elements of (dis)continuity in the Catalonian health services. Methods: Cross-sectional study by means of a questionnaire survey to a sample of 200 healthcare users attended by more than one level of care for the same condition in the previous 3 months. The survey was conducted in Barcelona and Baix Empordà, between March and June 2009. The applied questionnaire collected first, the users’ trajectories within health services and second, their perception of CC using a scale. A descriptive data analysis was conducted. Results: Important elements of relational continuity were identified (86.4 and 83.5% of users were attended in the last year, respectively, by the same physician of primary and secondary care). However, potential elements of discontinuity were identified relating to transfer of clinical information (29.1% and 21.3% of users perceived that secondary care professionals were unaware of their comorbidities and the results of medical tests ordered by physicians of primary care, respectively), coherence of care (levels of referral to primary care of 51.2 %) and accessibility between levels of care (37.8 and 17.6% considered long or excessive waiting time for secondary and primary care, respectively). Conclusions: The results point to aspects of care, as accessibility and information transfer between professionals that could act as barriers for continuity and would require improvements in the coordination strategies of the health providers(AU)

Políticas sanitarias de ámbito estatal y autonómico para la población inmigrante en España / Health policies of national and regional level for the immigrant population in Spain

Objetivos Analizar el contenido de las políticas sanitarias estatales y autonómicas dirigidas a inmigrantes en España.MétodosSe realizó un estudio comparativo descriptivo de las políticas sanitarias para inmigrantes, estatales y autonómicas, mediante análisis de contenido. Se seleccionaron Andalucía, Comunidad Valenciana, Comunidad de Madrid y País Vasco por tener políticas específicas, proporción diferente de inmigrantes y evaluación de la política. Se seleccionaron planes estatales o autonómicos con intervenciones sanitarias dirigidas a inmigrantes. Se realizó un análisis de contenido cuyas dimensiones iniciales fueron: principios, objetivos, estrategias y evaluación. Posteriormente se clasificaron las estrategias según el ámbito de actuación.ResultadosLas políticas sanitarias dirigidas a inmigrantes se definen principalmente en los planes de inmigración. Los principios se basan en la igualdad de derechos en salud con la población autóctona, y los objetivos se dirigen a su consecución. Buena parte de las acciones están encaminadas a la mejora del acceso a la atención. Además, contemplan estrategias específicas para adaptación de los servicios, promoción de la salud, análisis de las necesidades y formación de los profesionales. Las políticas autonómicas siguen las directrices generales marcadas para todo el Estado, pero con acciones más concretas. Las evaluaciones de las políticas son muy limitadas.ConclusiónEl contenido de las políticas sanitarias, especialmente estatales, responden a aspectos importantes a considerar en la atención a la población inmigrante. Sin embargo, la ausencia de evaluaciones, junto a la persistencia de problemas en la atención e inequidades en el acceso, podría indicar una insuficiente implantación y requiere un seguimiento cuidadoso(AU)

ObjectivesTo analyze the content of health policies for the immigrant population developed by central and regional governments in Spain.MethodsA descriptive comparative study of central and regional healthcare policies for the immigrant population was conducted in Spain through content analysis. The selected regions were Andalusia, Valencia, Madrid and the Basque Country as these regions have specific policies, distinct proportions of immigrants and policy evaluations. National or regional health and immigration plans with health policies for immigrants were selected. Contents analysis was conducted of the following main dimensions: policy principles and objectives, strategies and results’ evaluation. Subsequently, strategies were categorized according to the area of intervention.ResultsHealthcare policies for the immigrant population are mainly included in national and regional immigration plans. The principles of these policies are based on equal rights to healthcare between the immigrant and native-born populations and the objectives aim to achieve this end. National objectives and actions address access to and adaptation of health services, health promotion, health needs assessment, and health personnel training in cultural competences. Regional policies follow the national guidelines but their actions are more specific. Policy evaluations are highly limited.ConclusionsThe content of the health policies, especially national policies, address major issues in meeting immigrants’ healthcare needs. However, the absence of assessments, together with persistent problems in the provision of care and inequalities in access, could indicate insufficient implementation and requires careful monitoring(AU)

[Access to health care in Colombia]. / Acceso a la atención en salud en Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: Contributing towards improving knowledge about access to health services in Colombia following health-sector reform, highlighting the main results and gaps in research. METHODS: Original papers were systematically reviewed through a comprehensive search and analysis of original papers published between 1994 and 2009. After selection criteria had been applied, 27 papers were included in the review. Analysis was based on Aday Aday & Andersen and Gold's theoretical frameworks, distinguishing between potential and actual healthcare access and considering the characteristics of the population, health services and insurers influencing service use. RESULTS: There was little explanatory analysis of service use applying determinant models; this was also partial (limited to geographical areas, diseases or specific groups). Likewise, only a few studies analysed contextual factors influencing service use (health policies and health providers and insures) or social actors' perspectives. The available studies did not seem to indicate increased actual access (except for subsidised system users) but, on the contrary the existence of barriers relating to population (insurance coverage, income and education) and health service factors (geographic and organizational accessibility and quality of care). CONCLUSIONS: This review led to identifying important limitations in the analysis of healthcare access in Colombia and highlighted the need for further research on actual access and the better incorporation of context variables and actors perspectives in understanding the impact of reform on health service use.

Necesidades de los profesionales de salud en la atención a la población inmigrante / Perceived needs of health personnel in the provision of healthcare to the immigrant population

ObjetivoAnalizar las necesidades de apoyo expresadas por el personal sanitario en la atención al colectivo inmigrante y aportar sugerencias de mejora.MétodosEstudio cualitativo, descriptivo, de carácter exploratorio y fenomenológico. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas y grupos focales en una muestra teórica de informantes: directivos de proveedores (21) y profesionales de primaria y especializada (42). Se hizo un análisis narrativo del contenido con generación mixta de categorías y segmentación por grupo de informantes y temas.ResultadosEn el discurso de los informantes emergen con fuerza diversas necesidades de apoyo para la atención a la población inmigrante, con algunas voces discrepantes. Por un lado, para superar las barreras a la comunicación e información se requieren materiales en diversos idiomas y servicios de traducción, así como más tiempo por paciente. Por otro lado, para proveer atención a pacientes con culturas diversas se requiere formación centrada en aspectos culturales y de carácter práctico con aplicación inmediata. Además, para adaptar los recursos a la nueva situación, destaca la necesidad de introducir cambios en el sistema sanitario, liderados por el Departament de Salut.ConclusiónLas necesidades identificadas de apoyo para la comunicación, la información y la formación, así como de cambios en el sistema, indican que las intervenciones contempladas en el Plan Director de Inmigración en Salud no son debidamente implantadas, pero además se observan deficiencias estructurales y organizativas que deberían abordarse mediante políticas generales(AU)

ObjectiveTo analyze the needs perceived by health personnel in the provision of healthcare to the immigrant population and to provide suggestions for improvement.Methods A descriptive, exploratory and phenomenological qualitative study was carried out by means of semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups to a criterion sample of informants: healthcare managers (n=21) and health professionals (n=44) from primary and specialized care. A narrative content analysis was conducted by three analysts, segmented by groups of informants and themes, with mixed generation of categories.ResultsThe need for support in providing healthcare to the immigrant population strongly emerged in the informants’ discourses, with some discrepant voices. On the one hand, translated materials, translation services, and a greater length of time allocated per patient, were required to address communication and information barriers. On the other hand, specific training focusing on cultural aspects and practical tools for immediate implementation were needed to provide adequate care to patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. In addition, changes in the healthcare system, led by the Health Department, were requested to adapt resources to the new situation.ConclusionThe needs identified for support in communication, information and training, as well as changes in the system, reveal the insufficient implementation of the interventions contemplated in the Immigration and Health Plan. In addition, structural and organizational deficiencies were identified that should be addressed by general policies(AU)

Factores que influyen en la coordinación entre niveles asistenciales según la opinión de directivos y profesionales sanitarios / Factors influencing coordination among healthcare levels according to the opinion of healthcare managers and health professionals

ObjetivoAnalizar la coordinación entre niveles asistenciales desde la perspectiva de directivos y profesionales de organizaciones sanitarias integradas (OSI).MétodosEstudio cualitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo, mediante entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas, con muestreo teórico en dos etapas. En la primera se seleccionaron los contextos (las OSI) y en la segunda los informantes: directivos (n=18) y profesionales (n=23). Análisis de contenido, con generación mixta de categorías y segmentación por temas e informantes.ResultadosLa coordinación entre niveles es definida de diversas formas por los informantes, que coinciden en considerarla complicada, pero necesaria, para la mejora de la eficiencia. Comunicación, conocimiento y relación entre los profesionales emergen como factores determinantes centrales de la coordinación, sobre los que influyen los valores de los profesionales y la existencia de mecanismos apropiados en las instituciones. Ambos dependen de las condiciones estructurales y organizativas, principalmente de carácter interno, aunque también externas a las organizaciones, que determinan su desarrollo. Las estrategias de mejora propuestas se relacionan directamente con los factores identificados.ConclusionesLas opiniones sobre la coordinación asistencial reflejan la complejidad del término y la tradicional separación entre niveles asistenciales. Su mejora requiere acciones organizativas específicas que respondan a los determinantes, no sólo dentro de las organizaciones, sino también entre todos los proveedores de un territorio(AU)

ObjectiveTo analyze coordination among healthcare levels from the viewpoint of healthcare managers and health professionals in integrated healthcare systems (IHS).MethodsA qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted by means of individual semi-structured interviews to a criterion sample. We performed two-stage sampling: in the first stage, IHS were selected and in the second, managers (n=18) and professionals (n=23). A content analysis was carried out with mixed generation of categories, segmented by themes and informants.ResultsCoordination among healthcare levels was defined differently by the two groups of informants. However, the informants agreed that coordination was complicated but necessary to improve access to and the efficiency of the system. Factors central to achieving coordination were communication, knowledge and good relationships among professionals. These factors were influenced by professionals’ values and the existence of appropriate institutional coordination mechanisms. In turn, these elements depended mainly on internal but also external structural and organizational conditions, which determined the development of coordination. Improvement strategies were directly related to the factors identified.ConclusionsOpinions on healthcare coordination reflect not only the complexity of the concept, but also the traditional separation of healthcare levels. Improving coordination requires specific organizational interventions to address its determinants, not only within but also among all healthcare providers in an area(AU)

[Factors influencing coordination among healthcare levels according to the opinion of healthcare managers and health professionals]. / Factores que influyen en la coordinación entre niveles asistenciales según la opinión de directivos y profesionales sanitarios.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze coordination among healthcare levels from the viewpoint of healthcare managers and health professionals in integrated healthcare systems (IHS). METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted by means of individual semi-structured interviews to a criterion sample. We performed two-stage sampling: in the first stage, IHS were selected and in the second, managers (n=18) and professionals (n=23). A content analysis was carried out with mixed generation of categories, segmented by themes and informants. RESULTS: Coordination among healthcare levels was defined differently by the two groups of informants. However, the informants agreed that coordination was complicated but necessary to improve access to and the efficiency of the system. Factors central to achieving coordination were communication, knowledge and good relationships among professionals. These factors were influenced by professionals' values and the existence of appropriate institutional coordination mechanisms. In turn, these elements depended mainly on internal but also external structural and organizational conditions, which determined the development of coordination. Improvement strategies were directly related to the factors identified. CONCLUSIONS: Opinions on healthcare coordination reflect not only the complexity of the concept, but also the traditional separation of healthcare levels. Improving coordination requires specific organizational interventions to address its determinants, not only within but also among all healthcare providers in an area.

[Perceived needs of health personnel in the provision of healthcare to the immigrant population]. / Necesidades de los profesionales de salud en la atención a la población inmigrante.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the needs perceived by health personnel in the provision of healthcare to the immigrant population and to provide suggestions for improvement. METHODS: A descriptive, exploratory and phenomenological qualitative study was carried out by means of semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups to a criterion sample of informants: healthcare managers (n=21) and health professionals (n=44) from primary and specialized care. A narrative content analysis was conducted by three analysts, segmented by groups of informants and themes, with mixed generation of categories. RESULTS: The need for support in providing healthcare to the immigrant population strongly emerged in the informants' discourses, with some discrepant voices. On the one hand, translated materials, translation services, and a greater length of time allocated per patient, were required to address communication and information barriers. On the other hand, specific training focusing on cultural aspects and practical tools for immediate implementation were needed to provide adequate care to patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. In addition, changes in the healthcare system, led by the Health Department, were requested to adapt resources to the new situation. CONCLUSION: The needs identified for support in communication, information and training, as well as changes in the system, reveal the insufficient implementation of the interventions contemplated in the Immigration and Health Plan. In addition, structural and organizational deficiencies were identified that should be addressed by general policies.

Comentario. Algunas reflexiones sobre «Condiciones de trabajo y salud de los inmigrantes» / Some reflections on

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[Reform, equity and efficiency of the healthcare systems in Latin America. An analysis to inform the Spanish aid. 2008 SESPAS Report]. / Reforma, equidad y eficiencia de los sistemas de salud en Latinoamérica. Un análisis para orientar la cooperación española. Informe SESPAS 2008.

In the 1990s, international financial multilateral agencies promoted changes in the way health systems were financed and organized. Three decades later, equity and efficiency are still central problems of the health systems in developing countries. The present article focuses on the health sector reforms introduced in Latin America in order to draw policy lessons for Spanish aid. One of those reforms, the introduction of competition in health insurance management and provision and the increase of private sector participation - managed competition -, was widely promoted, despite the lack of empirical evidence and the opposition from public and scientific sectors. Years after its implementation, health system financing is still inequitable and access to health services is far from universal and adequate due to the barriers imposed by insurers, among other reasons. Moreover, segmentation in healthcare provision and inefficiency persist in healthcare systems that are expensive to manage. The Spanish state, currently undergoing a process of transformation of its aid model, should focus its efforts on redressing international agencies' policies toward strengthening public health systems in the region and, at the same time, toward improving the quantity and quality of aid at country level, favoring the leadership of receiving countries.

[Impact of a capitation payment system on healthcare coordination]. / Impacto de un sistema de compra capitativo en la coordinación asistencial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the catalan pilot project of capitation payment on healthcare coordination from a qualitative perspective. METHODS: An exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study was carried out by means of document analysis and individual interviews. A criterion sample of documents and of informants was selected: purchasers (9) and providers (26) managers, and health professionals (16). A content analysis was conducted, with mixed generation of categories and data segmentation by informants' groups, themes, and areas. The study area consisted of the 5 pilot zones. RESULTS: According to the informants, the pilot test facilitated a shared vision of the area and improved communication among providers. Nevertheless, changes introduced as a consequence of the project to improve healthcare coordination were scarce. A virtual alliance among providers with shared objectives and structural changes was found in just one area. Healthcare coordination mechanisms were exchanged, with variable use. Perceived barriers to change were uncertainty, providers' fears of losing their identity, lack of interest, and the management limits of some providers. CONCLUSIONS: The designed and implemented capitation payment system failed to generate enough incentives to stimulate changes in healthcare coordination. The weaknesses identified by this evaluation should be resolved before extending the pilot project to the rest of Catalonia.

Impacto de un sistema de compra capitativo en la coordinación asistencial / Impact of a capitation payment system on healthcare coordination

Objetivo: Evaluar desde una perspectiva cualitativa el impacto sobre la coordinación asistencial de la prueba piloto del sistema de compra capitativo en Cataluña.Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, mediante análisis de documentos y entrevista individual, con muestreo teórico de documentos e informantes: directivos del comprador(9), directivos de los proveedores (26), profesionales(16). Análisis de contenido, con generación mixta de categorías y segmentación por grupos de informantes, temas y áreas. El área de estudio la constituyeron las 5 zonas piloto.Resultados: La prueba facilitó, según los informantes, una visión conjunta del territorio y mejoró la comunicación. No obstante, los cambios introducidos a partir de la prueba para mejorar la coordinación asistencial fueron escasos. Se estableció una única alianza virtual entre proveedores de un territorio,con objetivos compartidos y cambios estructurales. En general, se intercambiaron los mecanismos de coordinación asistencial existentes, con un uso variable. La incertidumbre de la prueba, el temor a perder la identidad, el limitado interés ylos límites de gestión de algunos proveedores se percibían como barreras al cambio.Conclusiones: El sistema de compra capitativo, diseñado yejecutado, no generó incentivos suficientes para desencadenar cambios en la coordinación asistencial. Sería necesario corregir las debilidades identificadas en la evaluación antes de extender la prueba al resto de Cataluña

Objective: To evaluate the impact of the catalan pilot project of capitation payment on healthcare coordination from a qualitative perspective.Methods: An exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study was carried out by means of document analysis and individual interviews. A criterion sample of documents and of informants was selected: purchasers (9) and providers (26) managers, and health professionals (16). A content analysis was conducted, with mixed generation of categories and data segmentation by informants’ groups, themes, and areas. The study area consisted of the 5 pilot zones.Results: According to the informants, the pilot test facilitated a shared vision of the area and improved communication among providers. Nevertheless, changes introduced as a consequence of the project to improve healthcare coordination were scarce. A virtual alliance among providers with shared objectives and structural changes was found in just one area. Healthcare coordination mechanisms were exchanged, with variable use. Perceived barriers to change were uncertainty,providers’ fears of losing their identity, lack of interest, and the management limits of some providers.Conclusions: The designed and implemented capitation payment system failed to generate enough incentives to stimulate changes in healthcare coordination. The weaknesses identified by this evaluation should be resolved before extending the pilot project to the rest of Catalonia

Reforma, equidad y eficiencia de los sistemas de salud en Latinoamérica. Un análisis para orientar la cooperación española. Informe SESPAS 2008 / Reform, equity and efficiency of the healthcare systems in Latin America. 2008 SESPAS Report

En los años noventa, las entidades financieras internacionales promovieron cambios en la forma de financiar y organizar los sistemas de salud. Tres décadas después, la equidad y la eficiencia siguen siendo problemas centrales de los sistemas de salud en muchos países en vías de desarrollo. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre las reformas de los sistemas de salud impulsadas en Latinoamérica y sugerir elementos de mejora para la cooperación española (CE). Uno de estos cambios, la introducción de la competencia en la gestión del aseguramiento y provisión de los servicios de salud y el aumento de la participación del sector privado ¿competencia gestionada¿, fue ampliamente promocionado a pesar de carecer de evidencia empírica y de haber contado con la oposición de sectores públicos y científicos. Años después de su implantación, la financiación de los sistemas de salud sigue siendo inequitativa y el acceso a los servicios de salud dista de ser universal y adecuado, entre otros motivos, por las barreras a la utilización que imponen las aseguradoras. Más aún, persiste la segmentación en la provisión de la atención y la ineficiencia en sistemas costosos de administrar. El Estado español, en plena transformación de su modelo de cooperación internacional, debería centrar sus esfuerzos en el redireccionamiento de la política de los organismos internacionales hacia el fortalecimiento de los sistemas públicos de salud en la región y, al mismo tiempo, mejorar la cantidad y la calidad de su ayuda, favoreciendo el liderazgo de los países receptores

In the 1990s, international financial multilateral agencies promoted changes in the way health systems were financed and organized. Three decades later, equity and efficiency are still central problems of the health systems in developing countries. The present article focuses on the health sector reforms introduced in Latin America in order to draw policy lessons for Spanish aid. One of those reforms, the introduction of competition in health insurance management and provision and the increase of private sector participation ¿ managed competition ¿, was widely promoted, despite the lack of empirical evidence and the opposition from public and scientific sectors. Years after its implementation, health system financing is still inequitable and access to health services is far from universal and adequate due to the barriers imposed by insurers, among other reasons. Moreover, segmentation in healthcare provision and inefficiency persist in healthcare systems that are expensive to manage. The Spanish state, currently undergoing a process of transformation of its aid model, should focus its efforts on redressing international agencies¿ policies toward strengthening public health systems in the region and, at the same time, toward improving the quantity and quality of aid at country level, favoring the leadership of receiving countries

Síntesis final y recomendaciones para las políticas. Informe SESPAS 2008 / Final summary and policy recommendations

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Reforma, equidad y eficiencia de los sistemas de salud en Latinoamérica. Un análisis para orientar la cooperación española. Informe SESPAS 2008 / Reform, equity and efficiency of the healthcare systems in Latin America. 2008 SESPAS Report

En los años noventa, las entidades financieras internacionalespromovieron cambios en la forma de financiar y organizarlos sistemas de salud. Tres décadas después, la equidad y laeficiencia siguen siendo problemas centrales de los sistemasde salud en muchos países en vías de desarrollo. El objetivode este artículo es reflexionar sobre las reformas de los sistemasde salud impulsadas en Latinoamérica y sugerir elementosde mejora para la cooperación española (CE). Uno de estoscambios, la introducción de la competencia en la gestión del aseguramientoy provisión de los servicios de salud y el aumentode la participación del sector privado –competencia gestionada–,fue ampliamente promocionado a pesar de carecer de evidenciaempírica y de haber contado con la oposición de sectorespúblicos y científicos. Años después de su implantación,la financiación de los sistemas de salud sigue siendo inequitativay el acceso a los servicios de salud dista de ser universaly adecuado, entre otros motivos, por las barreras a la utilizaciónque imponen las aseguradoras. Más aún, persiste la segmentaciónen la provisión de la atención y la ineficiencia en sistemascostosos de administrar. El Estado español, en plenatransformación de su modelo de cooperación internacional, deberíacentrar sus esfuerzos en el redireccionamiento de la políticade los organismos internacionales hacia el fortalecimientode los sistemas públicos de salud en la región y, al mismotiempo, mejorar la cantidad y la calidad de su ayuda, favoreciendoel liderazgo de los países receptores(AU)

In the 1990s, international financial multilateral agencies promotedchanges in the way health systems were financed andorganized. Three decades later, equity and efficiency are stillcentral problems of the health systems in developing countries.The present article focuses on the health sector reformsintroduced in Latin America in order to draw policy lessonsfor Spanish aid. One of those reforms, the introduction of competitionin health insurance management and provision andthe increase of private sector participation – managed competition–, was widely promoted, despite the lack of empiricalevidence and the opposition from public and scientific sectors.Years after its implementation, health system financing is stillinequitable and access to health services is far from universaland adequate due to the barriers imposed by insurers,among other reasons. Moreover, segmentation in healthcareprovision and inefficiency persist in healthcare systems thatare expensive to manage. The Spanish state, currently undergoinga process of transformation of its aid model, shouldfocus its efforts on redressing international agencies’ policiestoward strengthening public health systems in the region and,at the same time, toward improving the quantity and qualityof aid at country level, favoring the leadership of receiving countries(AU)

La confusión en torno al concepto de gerencia única: un caso de sinécdoque / Confusion concerning the concept of single management (a case of synecdoche)

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